Subtle diversification of buccal semets in tragelaphin antelopes, part 1

A buccal semet is a pattern of colouration, around the mouth, that makes the motion of chewing more conspicuous than it would be without such colouration.

Buccal semets occur typically in cud-chewing ungulates (ruminants), which do most of their chewing while resting in small groups.

These patterns are likely to be biologically significant, for at least two reasons.

Firstly, they exemplify a subtle and previously overlooked form of adaptive colouration.

The hypothetical function is to facilitate social communication in the context of anti-predator vigilance. The displaying of the semet, by means of the action of chewing, would be inadvertently reassuring to group-members, as they ruminate drowsily, in sight of each other.

Secondly, buccal semets may reveal phylogenetic relationships. They potentially inform our taxonomic classification of the clades involved.

In this series of Posts, I document for the first time the colouration around the mouth in the various genera and species of tragelaphins (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragelaphini).

The following compilation of photos illustrates the relevant patterns in all five genera of tragelaphins.

The anatomical structures on which to focus are

chin and lower lip (which has a bare edge),
upper lip (the bare edge of which is hardly visible),
gape (corner of the mouth, where the mouth abuts the cheek),
mandible, i.e. the lower jaw, posterior to the mouth, and
any beard/dewlap on the ventral surface of the mandibles.

Please observe the darkness/paleness of these structures, relative to each other, the rhinarium, and the cheek.

Please note the species-specific patterns, their individual variation, and any differences among sexes and adults/juveniles.

TAUROTRAGUS ORYX

The buccal colouration is more individually variable in its degree of development than in any other tragelaphin, owing to a pallid (depigmented) tendency.

However, the basic pattern (https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-eland-taurotragus-oryx-de-hoop-nature-reserve-western-cape-south-africa-48782311.html?imageid=FD24B2C5-426E-4D92-A6CD-DE795DC987CC&p=165079&pn=1&searchId=794c737373580976e28d0483d22ce443&searchtype=0) is one of consistently whitish chin and lips. Some individuals, of both sexes, have dark emphasis immediately posterior to the whitish, at about the longitude of the gape.

https://stock.adobe.com/search?k=%22giant+eland%22&asset_id=338886526

https://www.alamy.com/common-eland-taurotragus-oryx-image432757293.html?imageid=6229F140-EA07-4A0C-A074-3CB65A3B8FE1&p=1427920&pn=1&searchId=794c737373580976e28d0483d22ce443&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-eland-antelope-fighting-86624002.html?imageid=1C0C6FEE-A691-4512-B0D9-DC6CFBAC6174&p=1388030&pn=1&searchId=794c737373580976e28d0483d22ce443&searchtype=0

https://www.dreamstime.com/portrait-view-eland-tragelaphus-oryx-resting-lush-green-field-largest-african-antelopes-have-flap-image227721377

https://www.dreamstime.com/eland-antelope-taurotragus-oryx-eland-antelope-ist-crossing-namibian-kalahari-image223419329

https://www.dreamstime.com/eland-antelope-lying-grass-its-head-up-ndutu-tanzania-image198684795

https://www.dreamstime.com/eland-antelope-portrait-portrait-large-male-eland-antelope-tragelaphus-oryx-south-africa-image101845662

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-giant-eland-african-safari-traveling-around-mauritius-image97675463

https://www.dreamstime.com/common-eland-taurotragus-oryx-largest-african-antelope-species-common-eland-taurotragus-oryx-largest-image188527850

https://www.alamy.com/detail-shot-of-common-eland-taurotragus-oryx-on-a-grassy-ground-savannah-and-plains-antelope-found-in-east-and-southern-africa-image435112444.html?imageid=312E8A71-69A7-46DA-A5D1-3EA768725EA0&p=1397101&pn=1&searchId=794c737373580976e28d0483d22ce443&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/close-up-portrait-of-common-eland-taurotragus-oryx-with-head-turned-facing-right-kenya-image369435143.html?imageid=AF9F0FCF-36AE-4654-B67A-D0DCF9C4EF97&p=1424712&pn=1&searchId=794c737373580976e28d0483d22ce443&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/close-up-view-of-large-male-eland-detail-with-face-turned-to-viewer-image60176386.html?imageid=0606281F-623D-442D-BC19-A29F94659E07&p=163101&pn=1&searchId=794c737373580976e28d0483d22ce443&searchtype=0

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/southern-eland-antelope-side-view-portrait-1147821335

For additional illustrations see https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/70101-adaptive-colouration-of-northwestern-oribi-ourebia-montana-quadriscopa-part-2-buccal-semet#.

TAUROTRAGUS DERBIANUS

The buccal colouration is similar to, but better-defined than, that in Taurotragus oryx.

In addition, there is a dewlap, bearded in adolescents, that arises on the mandible. The dewlap, with or without any beard, provides a dark feature that would further accentuate the chewing movement of the mandible. Too few photos are available..

https://www.zoochat.com/community/media/eastern-giant-eland.395398/

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/giant-eland-bandia-reserve-senegal-591079121

https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1250603/view/eastern-giant-eland-turns-to-look-at-camera

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-photo-giant-eland-known-as-lord-derby-bandia-reserve-senegal-wildilfe-animal-also-africa-largest-species-image147763322

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-giant-eland-image19760921

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/giant-eland-savannah-antelope-located-africa-2031556622

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-giant-eland-zoo-florida-open-forest-savannah-antelope-photographed-miami-south-image54366408

TAUROTRAGUS EURYCERUS

The buccal colouration (https://www.dreamstime.com/mountain-bongo-sunshine-close-up-detail-african-antelope-posing-sun-image156500735) differs from those of all other tragelaphins, including congeners, as follows:

the whitish on the lips is restricted in area, but contrasts in both sexes with extremely dark adjacent pelage,
the bare edge of the lower lip is not dark (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eastern_Bongo_Antelope_(4629428689).jpg),
the pale spot on the mandibular part of the cheek is extremely large, and
there is a dark beard, but it is so short, and located so far to the posterior, that it seems irrelevant to the buccal semet.

https://www.dreamstime.com/male-bongo-taurotragus-euryceros-male-bongo-taurotragus-euryceros-image194416886

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-bongo-antelope-bongo-tragelaphus-eurycerus-great-natural-environment-zoo-bor%C3%A5s-sweden-autumn-image82715544

https://www.dreamstime.com/beautiful-animal-big-eastern-bongo-antelope-extremely-rare-beautiful-animal-big-eastern-bongo-antelope-extremely-rare-animal-image101894871

https://www.dreamstime.com/mountain-bongo-antelope-tragelaphus-eurycerus-mountain-bongo-antelope-tragelaphus-eurycerus-eats-hay-under-shelter-image118182099

https://www.dreamstime.com/funny-closeup-face-eastern-mountain-bongo-critically-endangered-animal-specie-kenya-africa-spiral-horned-antelope-image148858133

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-tragelaphus-eurycerus-image14384997

https://www.dreamstime.com/closeup-portrait-eastern-mountain-bongo-grazing-grass-pasture-critically-endangered-animal-specie-africa-image149425845

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-mountain-bongo-adult-grass-image33653269

https://www.dreamstime.com/face-eastern-mountain-bongo-closeup-critically-endangered-animal-specie-africa-image164858906

https://www.dreamstime.com/funny-closeup-face-eastern-mountain-bongo-critically-endangered-animal-specie-kenya-africa-spiral-horned-antelope-image148858133

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-detail-african-bongo-antelope-posing-sun-mountain-bongo-sunshine-image156500744

https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/portrait-lovely-bongo-1064503535

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-bongo-antelope-tragelaphus-eurycerus-eurycerus-image36705331

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-bongo-tragelaphus-eurycerus-looking-food-ground-its-habitat-image52519124

https://www.dreamstime.com/bongo-tragelaphus-eurycerus-isaaci-eats-grass-sunny-spring-morning-image116605471

TRAGELAPHUS SYLVATICUS

The buccal colouration is such that he dark of the bare edge of the lips contrasts with the whitish of the pelage of the lips (https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/male-bushbuck-royalty-free-image/594968558?adppopup=true and https://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/male-bushbuck-royalty-free-image/594968566?adppopup=true).

https://www.alamy.com/cape-bushbuck-in-kruger-national-park-south-africa-specie-tragelaphus-sylvaticus-family-of-bovidae-image185899438.html?imageid=702E8F49-45BC-4157-9914-850AF50686E6&p=272677&pn=2&searchId=5de8c54a310e51d49337c39c810170c1&searchtype=0

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bushbuck-gm495244662-77889519?phrase=bushbuck%20ewe

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bushbuck-ewe-tragelaphus-scriptus-grazing-gm1167980883-322316576?phrase=bushbuck%20ewe

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-male-bushbuck-83259353.html?imageid=9922FBE1-B4A8-4B7E-991C-228BB7405323&p=257778&pn=1&searchId=684f53868b913c7fa10a38c21f0564c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-image66202156.html?imageid=1F4F5B3D-432B-4DD3-8496-D54B61F52803&p=178601&pn=1&searchId=684f53868b913c7fa10a38c21f0564c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/buschbock-bushbuck-tregelaphus-scriptus-image261522989.html?imageid=01641FCD-B7C9-4E75-B3DB-4631D4381739&p=816330&pn=2&searchId=dfb1bd0a68ec8c57b7af6bc9aab357d3&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/buschbock-bushbuck-tregelaphus-scriptus-image261522701.html?imageid=12BA0F46-8A62-4A16-9DE3-7A6798CD95E2&p=816330&pn=2&searchId=dfb1bd0a68ec8c57b7af6bc9aab357d3&searchtype=0

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/cape-bushbuck-ewe-gm1391459767-448067029?phrase=bushbuck%20ewe

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bushbuck-gm495244310-77889157?phrase=bushbuck%20ewe

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bushbuck-cute-face-gm1133070757-300622617?phrase=young%20gazelle%20in%20profile

https://www.alamy.com/buschbock-bushbuck-tregelaphus-scriptus-image261524426.html?imageid=EA3A7655-CD51-4F97-BE2B-DDC269FCC195&p=816330&pn=1&searchId=684f53868b913c7fa10a38c21f0564c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/menelik-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-meneliki-male-dinsho-ethiopia-image226042705.html?imageid=2A59DDAF-024B-43E4-A8F1-C904DD2E8B1B&p=703625&pn=1&searchId=c4807554bb1a466cf282cc8091f3a683&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bushbuck-young-male-33140583.html?imageid=9E28420C-BA40-4139-A291-FD5CB0CB5D17&p=95996&pn=3&searchId=860819a898d0b3e353b6310d1e861c73&searchtype=0

TRAGELAPHUS SCRIPTUS

The buccal colouration is similar to that in Tragelaphus sylvaticus.

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-bushbuck-harnessed-antelope-tragelaphus-scriptus-female-drinking-water-76072639.html?imageid=C3EF99E8-D978-40CC-9202-4D52169D823F&p=1142566&pn=1&searchId=684f53868b913c7fa10a38c21f0564c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/close-up-of-a-male-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-in-the-jao-concession-okavango-delta-in-botswana-image343826781.html?imageid=E73EE6E9-8815-460E-980A-D87DDA0A8793&p=1249180&pn=1&searchId=684f53868b913c7fa10a38c21f0564c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/intimidation-display-of-a-male-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-murchison-falls-national-park-uganda-image239726789.html?imageid=ABACDEAA-306A-44E7-A805-A958488CE07B&p=22059&pn=1&searchId=c4807554bb1a466cf282cc8091f3a683&searchtype=0

TRAGELAPHUS SPEKII and other spp. of sitatungas

The buccal colouration is similar to those of Tragelaphus sylvaticus and T. scriptus, but with the whitish of the pelage of the lower lip extended to the gape.

https://www.dreamstime.com/tomasz-podlak-bongo-antelope-feeds-wading-water-green-around-bongo-antelope-feeds-standing-water-image168756536

https://www.alamy.com/sitatunga-tragelaphus-spekii-image343527894.html?imageid=5C6870E0-0468-4470-A2FC-3BD3E452D1C1&p=75204&pn=3&searchId=6dca88fa24861c56fa081462157b3c1b&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/female-sitatunga-antelope-or-marshbuck-tragelaphus-spekii-close-up-of-head-and-neck-image476395871.html?imageid=C26369BF-2D48-4B0F-8DAA-278550E0C4D9&p=1294449&pn=1&searchId=ba26f4280c10396a8388f35893a2dfaf&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/female-sitatunga-antelope-or-marshbuck-tragelaphus-spekii-close-up-of-head-and-neck-image476395859.html?imageid=8595F948-D4CD-4343-BC46-F6C8E748BAEB&p=1294449&pn=1&searchId=ba26f4280c10396a8388f35893a2dfaf&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/sitatunga-tragelaphus-spekei-image9661815.html?imageid=F3EDB784-40BC-4ACC-9DF2-3FA548B9EDBF&p=12859&pn=3&searchId=6dca88fa24861c56fa081462157b3c1b&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-young-male-sitatunga-with-its-horns-just-emerging-uganda-east-africa-14694959.html?imageid=D2987602-78E4-42BD-AE42-CC7293D0396E&p=6945&pn=3&searchId=6dca88fa24861c56fa081462157b3c1b&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-lesser-kudu-tragelaphus-imberbis-australis-laying-in-the-tall-grass-136679065.html?imageid=4505A744-48D2-4B6B-A57B-9EA8D10C4860&p=560173&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sitatunga-young-147682858.html?imageid=B3D1B135-8388-494C-8865-C2DEDBCA3B54&p=456819&pn=1&searchId=ba26f4280c10396a8388f35893a2dfaf&searchtype=0

TRAGELAPHUS BUXTONI

The buccal colouration is similar to that in Tragelaphus spekii, with the addition that a dark/pale contrast develops on the pelage on the mandible, posterior to the gape, in adult males (https://www.alamy.com/ethiopia-bale-mountains-nationalpark-image342319127.html?imageid=92F707E0-6CCE-4C9F-9CF3-5E128CF7E060&p=851074&pn=3&searchId=82573a013a7114e7f4bd50c4986bd933&searchtype=0).

https://www.alamy.com/female-moutain-nyala-grazing-in-the-gaysay-grasslands-in-bale-mountains-national-park-image445236001.html?imageid=6C3BCA90-353C-44DF-8563-8693ABAB1ABC&p=887039&pn=3&searchId=82573a013a7114e7f4bd50c4986bd933&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/female-mountain-nyala-tragelaphus-buxtoni-dinsho-forest-ethiopia-image178928393.html?imageid=57D13A0F-C4E6-43B8-9B66-3FDD4D74BB06&p=82922&pn=1&searchId=e54f3a90a919d4e7d869a7b57284f676&searchtype=0

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-male-female-mountain-nyala-lying-grass-ethiopia-image195489300

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-mountain-nyala-grassland-tragelaphus-buxtoni-ethiopia-image157991561

https://www.dreamstime.com/portrait-male-mountain-nyala-very-close-portrait-male-mountain-nyala-tragelaphus-buxtoni-dinsho-wetland-ethiopia-image145414555

https://www.alamy.com/female-mountain-nyala-bale-mountains-ethiopia-image220293157.html?imageid=5ECDB1C8-A644-490F-B891-9584C15AF626&p=135160&pn=1&searchId=e54f3a90a919d4e7d869a7b57284f676&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/mountain-nyala-tragelaphus-buxtoni-female-dinsho-ethiopia-image226042677.html?imageid=ECD418E1-03B0-44CC-BA77-E16ACAA09FCF&p=703625&pn=1&searchId=e54f3a90a919d4e7d869a7b57284f676&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mountain-nyala-tragelaphus-buxtoni-bale-mountains-national-park-ethiopia-25983714.html?imageid=3E6BD96C-0294-422D-8A87-84D4328F9BC4&p=22059&pn=5&searchId=c6f23c57f8a8d0cf6e1d5b20b37e8218&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mountain-nyala-tragelaphus-buxtoni-bale-mountains-national-park-ethiopia-25983724.html?imageid=062F3D80-06CE-4FB4-A178-973342687E48&p=22059&pn=5&searchId=c6f23c57f8a8d0cf6e1d5b20b37e8218&searchtype=0

NYALA ANGASII

The buccal colouration (https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-young-bongo-image14097454) differs from that in Tragelaphus in four ways, viz.

on the upper lip, the whitish is confined to the anterior,
on the mandible, the whitish ends abruptly at about the longitude of the gape,
in adult males, the darkening of the face produces dark/pale contrast, and
unlike the pattern in T. sylvaticus and T. scriptus, the whitish on the lower lip extends to the gape.

https://www.alamy.com/lowland-nyala-tragelaphus-angasii-portrait-of-a-cute-famale-image211551732.html?imageid=2EC07AC3-F6D0-4E7C-A49B-F340FF49E83B&p=566373&pn=2&searchId=68074e3bde3b43152797f3554a4680f1&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-nyala-tragelaphus-angasii-male-and-female-kapama-game-reserve-greater-48783217.html?imageid=F34FDE70-2E1C-4EB3-83C9-9524FE89127E&p=165079&pn=1&searchId=50e9f97d6347cb5e9d7b8ec238aca628&searchtype=0

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-african-antelope-image3633005

https://www.dreamstime.com/nyala-tragelaphus-angasii-male-portrait-kruger-national-park-south-africa-nyala-male-portrait-side-view-image239785421

https://www.dreamstime.com/nyala-lowland-portrait-nyala-lowland-portrait-zoo-park-image157688338

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-face-nayala-enjoy-eating-image152442625

https://www.dreamstime.com/nyala-antelope-portrait-south-africa-male-tragelaphus-angasii-mkuze-game-reserve-image256117400

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-nyala-antelope-portrait-male-tragelaphus-angasii-mkuze-game-reserve-south-africa-image37072955

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-lone-nyala-image17067424

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-female-nyala-tragelaphus-angasii-92733610.html?imageid=035BC57A-961D-4EFC-BF33-D40142A9298C&p=282662&pn=1&searchId=50e9f97d6347cb5e9d7b8ec238aca628&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/portrait-of-male-nyala-antelope-tragelaphus-angasii-mkuze-game-reserve-image66114553.html?imageid=40F7B2BC-B175-4C51-8363-F75CC8FF8430&p=70019&pn=1&searchId=50e9f97d6347cb5e9d7b8ec238aca628&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-nyala-tragelaphus-angasi-sabi-sands-greater-kruger-national-park-south-25947606.html?imageid=09620EDA-87A2-4A86-A9DB-DE11B75C6610&p=74587&pn=1&searchId=50e9f97d6347cb5e9d7b8ec238aca628&searchtype=0

AMMELAPHUS IMBERBIS

The buccal colouration (https://www.alamy.com/lesser-kudu-tragelaphus-imberbis-small-antelope-image246475725.html?imageid=9BB55FE8-4BFC-49D6-AB7E-9E6548F6E1A3&p=84573&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0) is intermediate between that of Tragelaphus and that of Nyala.

https://www.alamy.com/lesser-kudu-ammelaphus-imberbis-in-the-blooming-grass-lions-bluff-tsavo-national-park-kenya-image211254047.html?imageid=8EB93E74-52FA-46AE-AB92-FD770A83CC78&p=78230&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104569341

https://www.alamy.com/lesser-kudu-tragelaphus-imberbis-buck-tsavo-east-national-park-kenya-image209010297.html?imageid=312575D2-8C0F-45CE-8A47-D003055F569B&p=362016&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-lesser-kudu-tragelaphus-imberbis-122867683.html?imageid=D23553F3-C7DF-40D8-90A5-E8B3297F3808&p=354315&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-lesser-kudu-53073929.html?imageid=6711D4B8-A2A1-4AE7-ABF8-EC7524E6F3C4&p=176492&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-antelope-bongo-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC-largest-forest-beauty-nobility-grandeur-all-antelopes-africa-holds-first-place-as-image69341634

https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/an-angry-look-gm804218292-130411841

https://www.alamy.com/two-lesser-kudu-ammelaphus-imberbis-fight-each-other-lions-bluff-tsavo-national-park-kenya-image211254048.html?imageid=2F32722B-323B-4C0F-AC95-537223A17C27&p=78230&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/lesser-kudu-tragelaphus-imberbis-bucks-fighting-tsavo-east-national-park-kenya-image209010335.html?imageid=DF824358-E99A-41FB-B3FF-0B1CA61378F5&p=362016&pn=2&searchId=3b6a685767fbfca02df2e8e623771814&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/a-lesser-kudu-in-captivity-standing-against-the-wall-to-stand-in-the-shade-image441773979.html?imageid=E2BFD3F1-7A6B-478A-B285-030C835DE0F6&p=156542&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-lesser-kudu-93428595.html?imageid=CA059F5B-00E7-40FB-A30F-52D295086B3C&p=291391&pn=1&searchId=2d93f5fd0d262fe07ddf0d59810429c5&searchtype=0

STREPSICEROS STREPSICEROS

The buccal colouration differs from that in Tragelaphus spekii in two ways, viz.

in males (including adolescents) of southern sspp., there is a short beard on the mandible, with its own dark/pale contrast, which would accentuate the movements of the mandible during chewing, and
the pale spot on the lower cheek/mandible is extremely variable in location, size, and distinctness.

The northeastern ssp. lacks any beard on the mandible (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/40305320).

https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-active-kudu-image1624537

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-greater-kudu-83380346.html?imageid=3F77ADE7-76CD-4BE8-AEC8-B863E7ADDDF5&p=258021&pn=1&searchId=a6e48eaa723d601f0ec36501ba7e4667&searchtype=0

https://www.rgbstock.com/photo/nF5Dlxo/Kudu+Female

https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-kudu-bull-close-up-proud-kudu-bull-shamwari-game-reserve-eastern-cape-province-south-africa-image163484296

https://www.dreamstime.com/male-kudu-close-up-male-kudu-chobe-national-park-botswana-image157981022

https://www.dreamstime.com/amazing-close-up-huge-male-kudu-moving-sandy-banks-african-river-image256119835

https://www.pxfuel.com/en/free-photo-oeyrd

https://www.rgbstock.com/photo/okYb3oU/KUDU+Female++3

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-image-kudu-bull-image20061331

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/24986453

https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/98153597