Taxonomic notes: Taxonomic studies are needed to determine the status of the various populations of this species.

This species is endemic to the Philippine islands of Balabac, Busuanga, Culion and Palawan. At present, the population on Mindoro is also attributed to this species. It probably occurs more widely than current records suggest, especially in areas between known sites on Palawan.

It is a common species.

It inhabits streams, rivers and pools in lower montane and lowland forests. Eggs are deposited on rocks or vegetation beside rivers and streams usually above water. It is somewhat adaptable, especially to modified wetland habitats.

Section empty

Threats include deforestation due to agriculture, and the pollution of streams and rivers from agricultural pesticides, herbicides, and mine-tailings. Harvesting for human subsistence is a possible threat.

• 2.1.3 Agro-industry farming
• 9.2.2 Seepage from mining
• 1.1 Housing & urban areas
• 2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
• 1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
• 5.3.5 Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded
• 9.3.3 Herbicides and pesticides
• 5.1.1 Intentional use (species is the target)
• 2.1.2 Small-holder farming
• 9.3.2 Soil erosion, sedimentation

There remains a need for much improved protection of the remaining rainforest habitats on Palawan, especially riverine habitats and gallery forests. Conservation measures must include the regulation and proper disposal of pesticides and herbicides. Human exploitation of this species needs to be investigated to determine if this activity needs to be regulated.

• 2.3 Habitat & natural process restoration
• 2.1 Site/area management
• 1.1 Site/area protection
• 3.1.1 Harvest management

Listed as Vulnerable because its Extent of Occurrence is less than 20,000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat on the Philippine islands of Balabac, Busuanga, Culion and Palawan.

• Alcala, A.C. and Brown, W.C. 1985. Philippine Amphibians: An Illustrated Field Guide. Bookmark Press, Makati City, Philippines.
• Brown, W.C. and Alcala, A.C. 1955. Observations on amphibians of the Mount Halcon and Mount Canlaon areas, Philippine Islands. Silliman Journal: 93-105.
• Dubois, A. 1992. Notes sur la clasification des Ranidae (Amphibiens Anoures). Bulletin Mensuel de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon: 305-352.
• Emerson, S.E., Inger, R.F. and Iskandar, D. 2000. Molecular systematics and biogeography of the fanged frogs of southeast Asia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: 131-142.
• Frost, D.R. 1985. Amphibian Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press and the Association of Systematic Collections, Lawrence, Kansas.
• Inger, R.F. 1958. A note on frogs related to Rana macrodon. Fieldiana: Zoology: 253-255.
• Inger, R.F. 1966. The systematics and zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology: 1-402.
• Inger, R.F. 1999. Distributions of amphibians in southern Asia and adjacent islands. In: W.E. Duellman (ed.), Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians: A Global Perspective, pp. 445-482. John Hopkins University Press.